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Battle of Cherbourg (1864)
The Battle of Cherbourg, or sometimes the Battle off Cherbourg or the Sinking of CSS ''Alabama'', was a single-ship action fought during the American Civil War between a United States Navy warship, the USS ''Kearsarge'', and a Confederate States Navy warship, the CSS ''Alabama'', on June 19, 1864, off Cherbourg, France.
==Background==
After five successful commerce raiding missions in the Atlantic Ocean, CSS ''Alabama'' turned into Cherbourg Harbor on June 11, 1864. The Confederate States sloop-of-war was commanded by Captain Raphael Semmes, formerly of CSS ''Sumter''. It was Captain Semmes' intention to drydock his ship and receive repairs at the French port. The Confederate Navy vessel was crewed by about 170 men and armed with six 32-pound (15 kg) cannons, mounted broadside, three guns per side, and two heavy pivot guns, mounted on the centerline and able to fire to either side: one 8-inch, 110-pounder (50 kg) rifled gun and one 7-inch, 68-pound (31 kg) smoothbore gun. The ''Alabama'' had been pursued for two years by the screw sloop-of-war , under Captain John Winslow. The ''Kearsarge'' was armed with two 11-inch (280 mm) smoothbore Dahlgren guns which fired approximately 166 pounds of solid shot, four 32-pound guns and one 30-pounder Parrott rifle. She was manned by around 150 sailors and officers.
''Kearsarge'' had a form of makeshift armor-clading, medium-weight chain cable triced in tiers along her port and starboard midsections, basically acting as the equivalent of chain mail for vulnerable sections of her hull, where shot could potentially penetrate and hit her boilers or steam engine. This armor protection potentially gave the Union warship a definitive advantage over the Confederate raider; however, the armor was only capable of stopping shots from Alabama's lighter 32-pound balls; either of her heavier guns could easily penetrate such light-weight protection. In the event, it was a moot point, as Alabama only managed to score two hits in this area, both of which were well above the waterline and the vulnerable engineering areas, and would have done little lasting damage even if they had successfully penetrated the hull. On June 14, ''Kearsarge'' finally caught up with ''Alabama'' as she was receiving repairs. ''Kearsarge'' did not attack, as the ''Alabama'' was in a neutral port; instead, she waited, initiating a blockade of CSS ''Alabama'' in Cherbourg. Union Captain Winslow telegraphed to request her assistance, but the fighting began before she could arrive. Confederate Captain Semmes used the time to drill his men for the coming battle. On June 19, CSS ''Alabama'', with nowhere else to go, ran up the Stars and Bars and exited the harbor to attack ''Kearsarge''. She was escorted by the French Navy ironclad ''Couronne'',〔(Combat naval à Cherbourg (1864) ), Wikimanche〕 whose mission was to ensure that the ensuing battle occurred outside the French harbor.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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